A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 3
1. Question
Why were some patricians cold toward the tyranny of the second Decemvirate?
This question examines the tyranny of the second Decemvirate in Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book 3. It does not treat the problem only as the problem of Appius alone. It asks why some patricians around him did not stop the tyranny strongly enough.
The second Decemvirate was originally part of a reform institution for the codification of law.
However, in its second phase, the Decemvirs gained coercive authority beyond appeal. They did not release power after the end of their term. They intimidated opposition in the Senate. They moved toward oppressing the plebeians.
At this time, not all patricians supported tyranny.
There were also men such as Valerius, Horatius, and Gaius Claudius. They saw the royal style domination of the Decemvirs as dangerous and valued reconciliation for the whole state.
However, some patricians were cold toward the tyranny of the second Decemvirate.
They did not immediately process the tyranny of the Decemvirate as a crisis of the whole republican OS. They saw it, at least partly, as a political opportunity. If the plebeians hated Decemviral rule, they might desire a return to the old system.
Here appears the problem of Personal OS.
In the Personal OS of some patricians, short term class interest, control of the plebeians, weakening of tribunician power, and expectation of return to the old system were given priority over the health of the whole republican OS.
This study examines this cold response through TLA, or Three Layer Analysis: Fact, Order, and Insight. It also uses OS Organizational Design Theory.
2. Abstract
Some patricians were cold toward the tyranny of the second Decemvirate because, in their Personal OS, short term class interest, control of the plebeians, weakening of tribunician power, and expectation of return to the old system were given priority over the health of the whole republican OS.
In other words, they did not immediately recognize the tyranny of the Decemvirate as a crisis of the whole state OS.
Rather, they partly saw it as a political opportunity. The plebeians might hate Decemviral rule and come to desire a return to the old system, including the recovery of tribunician power.
In Section 37, the patricians expected that the plebeians would hate Decemviral rule and desire the old system, while the plebeian side was concerned about the restoration of tribunician power.
This shows that some patricians observed the tyranny of the Decemvirate as material for controlling the plebeians or guiding institutional return.
However, this was a serious misrecognition.
The plebeians were not merely a ruled class.
They were the legions, the assemblies, the execution environment, and co users of the republican OS.
If the Trust T of the plebeians collapsed, the order of the patricians could not be maintained either.
In fact, soldiers lost morale because of hostility toward the Decemvirs, and the legions and plebeians withdrew to the Sacred Mount.
As a result, the Decemvirate collapsed, and the tribunes, the right of appeal, and plebeian resolutions were strengthened.
The “weakening of the plebeians” that some patricians expected produced the opposite result: the strengthening of plebeian protection institutions.
The conclusion of this study is as follows:
Tyranny is not established only because there is a tyrant. It is also established because there is a surrounding OS that tolerates tyranny as short term advantage for its own side. Some patricians were cold toward the tyranny of the second Decemvirate because their factionalized Personal OS misrecognized the decline of plebeian Trust T not as a crisis of the state OS, but as advantage for their own side. However, the decline of Trust T in the execution environment always returns as a reaction against the whole upper OS.
3. Research Method
This study uses TLA, or Three Layer Analysis.
TLA divides historical material into three layers.
The first layer is Fact. It organizes the increase in the number of tribunes, the transfer of power to the Decemvirate, the suspension of appeal, the coercion of the second Decemvirate, the expectation of some patricians, the Decemvirs remaining in power after the term, warnings from patrician opponents, intimidation by Appius, the decline of military morale, the Verginia incident, the secession to the Sacred Mount, and the strengthening of the tribunes, the right of appeal, and plebeian resolutions.
The second layer is Order. It extracts the structures behind the facts, including the Personal OS of some patricians, factionalization, distortion of Awareness A, bias in Information Architecture IA, transformation of decision criteria V into class interest, underestimation of plebeian Trust T decline, and misrecognition of short term advantage and long term reaction.
The third layer is Insight. It derives essential lessons that can also be applied to modern states and organizations.
This study also uses OS Organizational Design Theory R1.33.00.00.
The main concepts are as follows.
Personal OS
Personal OS is the total structure of a person’s awareness, information architecture, decision criteria, purpose function, and behavior pattern.
This study analyzes the Personal OS of some patricians not as correction agents who stopped tyranny, but as observers who gave priority to short term class interest.
Faction OS
A Faction OS is a small OS formed by some users inside an upper OS. It has its own purpose, decision criteria, and interests that can differ from the upper OS.
Some patricians operated as a Faction OS that gave priority to patrician advantage, control of the plebeians, and weakening of tribunician power over the whole republican OS.
Awareness A
Awareness A means how an OS recognizes reality.
The A of the cold patricians recognized the suffering of the plebeians not as a crisis of the state OS, but as political material for return to the old system.
Information Architecture IA
IA is the structure through which dissent, warnings, damage information, and field reality reach the OS.
The IA of the cold patricians enlarged information convenient for their side and minimized danger signals such as plebeian Trust T decline and distrust in the legions.
Decision Criteria V
Decision criteria V determines what an OS judges to be right and what it gives priority to.
The V of the cold patricians moved away from freedom and Trust T of the whole republic. It moved toward class interest, patrician advantage, and weakening of plebeian representative institutions.
Trust T
Trust T is the degree to which the execution environment accepts the governing OS, institutions, public officers, and legal operation as legitimate.
The decline of plebeian Trust T was not only a plebeian problem.
Because the plebeians were the legions, the assemblies, and the execution environment, their decline of T led to the decline of execution power in the whole state OS.
4. Layer 1: Fact
Livy’s Book 3 describes that the patrician class did not react in one unified way toward the tyranny of the second Decemvirate.
In Section 30, the number of tribunes was increased.
This shows that plebeian representation was institutionally important.
In Sections 32 and 33, power moved to the Decemvirate, and the decisions of the Decemvirs became beyond appeal.
This was the suspension of the freedom protecting circuit.
In Section 35, Appius planned for reelection.
This was the beginning of institutional capture by a Personal OS.
In Section 36, the second Decemvirate displayed fasces with axes and behaved like ten kings.
This was a clear sign of despotization.
In Section 37, the patricians expected that the plebeians would hate Decemviral rule and desire the old system.
This shows that some patricians observed tyranny as political material.
In Section 38, the Decemvirs remained in power after the end of their term.
This was the permanence of a temporary OS and a crisis of the state OS.
In Section 39, Valerius and Horatius criticized the royal style domination of the Decemvirs.
This shows that correction agents with crisis awareness existed even among the patricians.
In Section 40, Gaius Claudius argued for reconciliation of the whole state.
Warnings were also given from inside the family and the Senate.
In Section 41, Appius intimidated opponents and moved toward military recruitment.
This was the isolation of opponents and the blocking of the monitoring circuit.
In Section 42, soldiers lost morale because of hostility toward the Decemvirs.
This was the decline of Trust T in the execution environment, including the plebeians.
In Section 43, opponents were removed in the military camp.
This was the privatization of H and IA, and the removal of correction agents.
In Sections 44 to 49, the Verginia incident is described.
The tyranny reached a critical point as a destruction of individual freedom.
In Sections 50 to 52, the legions and plebeians withdrew to the Sacred Mount.
The execution environment moved to external correction.
In Section 53, the plebeians demanded the tribunes, the right of appeal, and immunity for those who had seceded.
This shows that coldness toward tyranny strengthened the demand for plebeian protection.
In Section 54, the Decemvirs resigned and tribune elections were held.
The despotic OS was stopped.
In Section 55, the right of appeal, the inviolability of the tribunes, and plebeian resolutions were strengthened.
This was the redesign of plebeian protection circuits.
In Section 59, Duilius restrained further revenge.
This shows that institutional operation after recovery was connected not to revenge, but to the restoration of order.
5. Layer 2: Order
The cold response of some patricians was not simple indifference.
It was the result of a factionalized Personal OS that interpreted plebeian damage and decline of T not as a crisis of the whole state OS, but as advantage for its own side.
Structure of the cold patrician Personal OS
The Personal OS of some patricians can be organized as follows.
| Element | Proper Condition | Condition of Cold Patricians |
|---|---|---|
| Awareness A | See the tyranny of the Decemvirate as a crisis of the state OS | See plebeian suffering as a chance for return to the old system |
| Information Architecture IA | Receive plebeian damage military distrust and senatorial opposition as danger signals | See only information convenient for their own side |
| Human Resource and Reward System H | Value correction agents who stop tyranny | Tolerate the Decemvirate as long as it can be used |
| Decision Criteria V | Prioritize freedom Trust T and institutional stability of the whole republic | Prioritize class interest patrician advantage and weakening of tribunician power |
| Self Control SC | Restrain class interest and see the whole state OS | Fail to restrain class interest |
| Understanding of T | Understand that collapse of plebeian T is a state crisis | Misrecognize plebeian suffering as advantage for the patrician side |
In this structure, coldness is not just an emotion.
It is a condition in which A, IA, and V are biased and the crisis is not recognized as a crisis.
They misrecognized plebeian suffering as political advantage
The intention of some patricians in Section 37 is important.
They expected that the plebeians would hate Decemviral rule and desire the old system.
From the perspective of Personal OS, the structure is as follows.
Plebeian suffering should have been a warning signal for the governing OS.
However, in the Personal OS of the cold patricians, it was converted as follows.
| Phenomenon on the Plebeian Side | Proper Meaning | Interpretation by Cold Patricians |
| Dissatisfaction with Decemviral rule | Loss of freedom protecting circuits | Pressure for return to the old system |
| Interest in tribunician power | Need for representative circuit | Attachment to plebeian politics |
| Anxiety about inability to appeal | Loss of individual remedy | Condition that does not block patrician authority |
| Silence of plebeians | Accumulation of anger | Still controllable |
| Burden on plebeians | Decline of Trust T in the execution environment | Necessary cost of state operation |
In this way, cold patricians processed plebeian damage not as information that should correct the OS, but as political material useful for their own side.
This is the essence of their coldness.
Patrician V overwrote the V of the whole state OS
In OS Organizational Design Theory R1.33.00.00, the health of an OS is evaluated by A, IA, H, and V. V means decision criteria.
Also, when Self Control SC is low, decision makers cannot restrain private interest, self protection, desire for honor, desire for approval, and desire for power. They cannot judge according to SP.
The same structure appeared among some patricians.
Their V should have been as follows:
protect the freedom of the Roman Republic
control public office authority
maintain plebeian Trust T
maintain the cooperative will of the legions
stop the despotization of the Decemvirate
prioritize the stability of the whole state OS
However, the V of the cold patricians was replaced as follows.
| V of the State OS | Real V of Cold Patricians |
| Stability of the whole republic | Maintenance of patrician advantage |
| Protection of civic freedom | Weakening of plebeian representation |
| Maintenance of the right of appeal | Expansion of public officer discretion |
| Respect for tribunician power | Reduction of tribunician power |
| Maintenance of plebeian Trust T | Political control of the plebeians |
| Control of the Decemvirate | Usability of the Decemvirate |
Because of this replacement of V, they could not immediately recognize the tyranny of the Decemvirate as a state OS crisis that had to be stopped.
Rather, they may have seen some political meaning in a situation where tyranny exhausted the plebeians and weakened support for the tribunes and plebeian politics.
A factionalized Personal OS misreads the collapse of the whole OS
The cold response of some patricians can also be understood as factionalization.
They belonged to the Roman state OS, but formed a smaller OS with the following structure.
Patrician Faction OS
＝ Class Interest
× Suspicion of Tribunician Power
× Control of Plebeian Politics
× Maintenance of Patrician Discretion
× Short Term Institutional Advantage
When this Faction OS becomes strong, it becomes difficult to see the SP of the upper OS, the Roman Republic as a whole.
As a result, the danger of plebeian Trust T collapse, decline of military morale, and secession to the Sacred Mount is underestimated.
A factionalized Personal OS misreads the collapse of the whole OS as short term advantage for its own side.
The Decemvirate weakened plebeian representation
The first reason some patricians did not immediately try to stop the tyranny was that the Decemvirate weakened plebeian representation.
Under the second Decemvirate, the right of appeal and tribunician power were suspended.
The right of appeal is a circuit that corrects individual judgments.
Tribunician power is a circuit that converts the voice of the weaker side into institutional output.
When both are suspended, individual remedy and collective representation disappear at the same time.
For some patricians, this was dangerous, but also convenient.
If there were no tribunes, plebeian political resistance became weaker.
If there was no right of appeal, the limits on public officer authority became weaker.
Therefore, at first, the despotism of the Decemvirate may have looked like a device for controlling the plebeians to some patricians.
They misrecognized that they were not direct victims
The second reason was that some patricians misrecognized that they were not direct victims.
Tyranny often outputs first toward the weaker side.
Plebeians, soldiers, young women, people who raise objections, and people who are not well protected inside institutions are harmed first.
In the Verginia incident in Sections 44 to 49, justice without appeal or protection followed the private desire of Appius.
To cold patricians, this may still have looked like a problem that did not directly affect them.
However, this was a misrecognition.
Once unappealable public office is established, it can be directed not only toward plebeians, but eventually toward patricians themselves.
Tyranny attacks the weak first.
But in the end, it destroys the whole institution.
The inability to read this was the second cause of coldness.
They valued short term class advantage more than long term institutional destruction
The third reason was that they valued short term class advantage more than long term institutional destruction.
The tyranny of the Decemvirate directly harmed the plebeians.
However, from the view of some patricians, it may have appeared to produce short term advantages such as the following:
The plebeians lose the tribunes.
The political voice of the plebeians becomes weaker.
Patrician discretion returns.
A return to the old system can be guided.
The plebeians become disappointed with Decemviral rule.
The need for the tribunes may become weaker.
However, in the long term, the opposite happened.
Plebeian dissatisfaction did not disappear. It accumulated.
The legions lost morale.
Through the Verginia incident, plebeian damage became a problem of freedom.
Through the secession to the Sacred Mount, the plebeians moved to external correction.
Therefore, the cold response that aimed at short term class advantage brought disadvantage even to the patrician side in the long term.
Opposition inside the Senate was intimidated and silence spread
The fourth reason was that opposition inside the Senate was intimidated and silence spread.
There was opposition and persuasion inside the Senate.
However, Appius blocked the monitoring and correction circuits through intimidation.
This means that the whole patrician class did not make the same judgment.
There were opponents.
However, Appius intimidated the opposing side and blocked debate.
At this moment, the cold patricians deepened the problem in two ways.
First, they did not actively stop the tyranny.
Second, they did not sufficiently support the opponents.
As a result, the monitoring function of the Senate weakened, and the tyranny of the Decemvirate continued.
6. Layer 3: Insight
The cold response of some patricians was not the direct execution of tyranny.
However, it was a surrounding condition that allowed tyranny to continue.
Tyranny is not established only by a tyrant.
Tyranny continues when there is a surrounding OS that tolerates it as advantage for its own side.
Cold response model of some patricians
The structure in which some patricians became cold can be expressed as follows:
Cold Response of Some Patricians
＝ Class Interest V
× Suspicion of Plebeian Representation
× Expectation of Weakening Tribunician Power
× Short Term Advantage from Suspension of Appeal
× Factionalization
× Neglect of Trust T Decline in the Execution Environment
The core of this formula is V.
The V of the patrician Faction OS was prioritized over the V of the whole republic.
Therefore, the tyranny of the Decemvirate was not recognized from the beginning as a crisis of the whole community.
State OS misrecognition model by a Faction OS
The structure in which a Faction OS misrecognizes the state OS can be expressed as follows:
Misrecognition of the State OS
＝ Faction V
× Own Side Interest Filter
× Othering of Damage
× Underestimation of T Decline
× Neglect of Long Term Reaction
For some patricians, plebeian damage was the damage of others.
However, in the state OS, the plebeians are not merely others.
They are the legions, the assemblies, the execution environment, and co users of the community.
If their Trust T collapses, the order of the patrician side cannot be maintained either.
This misreading produced coldness.
Tyranny tolerance model
The structure in which the tyranny of the second Decemvirate was tolerated by some patricians can be expressed as follows:
Tolerance of Tyranny
＝ Damage of Tyranny Concentrated Outside One’s Own Side
× Short Term Advantage for One’s Own Side
× Isolation of Opponents
× Weakening of Monitoring Circuits
× Chain of Silence
× Delay of Accountability
The important point is that tyranny is easily tolerated when it seems to be directed away from one’s own side.
However, tyranny destroys the institution itself.
If the institution is destroyed, one’s own side will eventually lose protection.
Reaction model of coldness
The reaction caused by coldness can be expressed as follows:
Reaction of Coldness
＝ Decline of Plebeian Trust T
× Decline of Cooperative Will in the Legions
× Inability to Seek Remedy inside the Institution
× Verginia Incident
× Secession to the Sacred Mount
× Collapse of the Decemvirate
× Strengthening of the Tribunes and the Right of Appeal
What some patricians expected was the weakening of the plebeians.
However, what actually happened was the strengthening of plebeian protection circuits.
In Section 53, the plebeians demanded the tribunes, the right of appeal, and immunity for those who had seceded.
In Section 55, the right of appeal, the inviolability of the tribunes, and plebeian resolutions were strengthened.
In other words, coldness toward tyranny produced the opposite of what some patricians may have expected. It increased the institutional legitimacy of the plebeian side.
Coldness means misrecognizing T decline as advantage for one’s own side
Plebeian suffering, dissatisfaction, silence, and decline of military morale should have been signals of T decline.
However, in the Personal OS of cold patricians, these signals were converted as follows:
Plebeians suffer
→ Plebeian politics becomes weaker
Plebeians hate the Decemvirs
→ They may return more easily to the old system
There are no tribunes
→ Convenient for the patrician side
Plebeians are silent
→ They are still controllable
Legions are dissatisfied
→ It is only a temporary discipline problem
This conversion is the essence of coldness.
Coldness is not the absence of emotion.
It is the misrecognition of T decline in the whole OS as advantage for one’s own factional OS.
Coldness is an observation bug of a Faction OS
Cold patricians did not fail to observe plebeian damage.
They observed it.
However, they interpreted its meaning wrongly.
They interpreted plebeian damage not as a crisis of the state OS, but as a political situation in which the plebeian side became weaker.
This is an observation bug of a Faction OS.
A Faction OS sees information related to its own advantage as large and information related to the collapse of the upper OS as small.
This creates the following misrecognitions.
| Information | View from the Upper OS | View from the Faction OS |
| Loss of plebeian representation | Crisis of community integration | Advantage for patricians |
| Unappealable authority | Crisis of freedom protection | Expansion of public officer discretion |
| Decline of military morale | Crisis of state defense | Temporary dissatisfaction |
| Verginia incident | Destruction of free status | Failure of the Decemvirate |
| Secession to the Sacred Mount | Defection of the execution environment | Negotiation trouble |
In this way, the essence of coldness is the loss of the upper OS perspective.
Causal Chain
The causal chain of this case can be organized as follows:
Demand for Written Law
→ Establishment of the Decemvirate
→ Suspension of the Right of Appeal and Tribunician Power
→ Entry of the Personal OS of Appius
→ Coercion of the Second Decemvirate
→ Weakening of the Plebeian Representative Circuit
→ Some Patricians Expect that the Plebeians Will Hate Decemviral Rule and Desire the Old System
→ Tyranny is Observed not as a State OS Crisis but as Political Material
→ Remaining in Power after the Term
→ Opponents among Patricians Give Warnings
→ Appius Intimidates Opponents
→ Cold Patricians Do Not Sufficiently Support Opponents
→ Senatorial Monitoring Weakens
→ Military Recruitment
→ Trust T in the Legions Declines
→ Opponents are Removed in the Military Camp
→ Verginia Incident
→ Plebeian Damage Turns into a Freedom Problem for the Whole Community
→ Defection of the Legions and Plebeians
→ Secession to the Sacred Mount
→ Collapse of the Decemvirate
→ Strengthening of the Tribunes Right of Appeal and Plebeian Resolutions
→ Short Term Expectations of the Patrician Side Produce the Opposite Result
This causal chain shows that coldness was not mere silence.
It was a causal factor that allowed institutional destruction to continue.
Final Insight
The final insight is as follows:
Some patricians were cold toward the tyranny of the second Decemvirate because their Personal OS gave priority to short term interests such as patrician advantage, weakening of tribunician power, and control of plebeian politics over the health of the whole republican OS. They observed Decemviral domination not as a state OS crisis caused by the collapse of plebeian Trust T, but as a political opportunity in which the plebeians would hate Decemviral rule and desire the old system. However, the plebeians were not merely a ruled class. They were the legions, the assemblies, and the execution environment. If their Trust T collapsed, the order of the patrician side could not be maintained either. Therefore, the coldness of some patricians was a case in which a factionalized Personal OS misread the collapse risk of the upper OS.
7. Implications for the Modern World
This analysis can be applied to modern companies, public institutions, schools, and nonprofit organizations.
In modern organizations, a similar Personal OS can appear when a department, field team, non regular employees, younger members, weaker members, customers, or business partners are treated unfairly, and others say, “This is not our problem,” or “This is rather convenient for our department.”
This has the same structure as the cold response of some patricians toward the tyranny of the second Decemvirate.
Examples include the following:
The field suffers from overwork.
However, the headquarters department thinks it does not affect its own evaluation.
Younger members resign.
However, managers see no problem as long as the short term performance of their own department is protected.
Non regular employees or weaker members are treated unfairly.
However, regular employees think it does not matter as long as their own employment is protected.
Customers or business partners are dissatisfied.
However, the organization does not treat it as a serious issue while short term sales continue.
In such organizations, the decline of Trust T in the upper OS is overlooked.
At first, it looks like someone else’s problem.
But later, it returns as a problem of the whole OS.
Modern organizations should learn the following lessons.
1. Do not treat damage to others as advantage for your own side
The exhaustion of a department or field team is not only that team’s problem.
It is a signal of declining Trust T in the whole organization.
2. Do not underestimate representative circuits for the weaker side
Representative circuits are not only for the weak.
They are safety devices that prevent the whole organization from breaking.
3. Do not isolate opponents
If correction agents who can stop a crisis are isolated, a runaway OS cannot be stopped.
4. Do not prioritize short term advantage of a Faction OS over the purpose of the upper OS
A situation that is convenient for one faction is often a crisis for the whole upper OS.
5. Observe T decline early
Silence in the field, resignation, refusal to cooperate, decline of morale, and customer departure are danger signals for the whole organization.
6. Prevent surrounding OS structures that tolerate tyranny or wrongdoing
It is necessary to control not only dangerous Personal OS, but also the surrounding interest structure that tolerates it.
The case of the second Decemvirate gives the following warning to modern organizations:
It is not safe to tolerate institutional destruction simply because there is no direct damage to oneself. The decline of Trust T in the execution environment always returns as a reaction against the whole upper OS.
8. Conclusion
This case expands the problem of the tyranny of the second Decemvirate from Appius alone to the question of why the surrounding actors failed to stop it.
Appius was a dangerous Personal OS.
However, tyranny is not established by a dangerous Personal OS alone.
Tyranny continues when there is a surrounding OS that tolerates it.
Some patricians saw the tyranny of the Decemvirate.
However, they did not immediately process it as a crisis of the whole state OS.
This was because the tyranny was first directed toward the plebeians.
The weakening of plebeian representation seemed convenient to some patricians in the short term.
If the plebeians hated Decemviral rule and returned to the old system, it might benefit them.
However, this was a serious miscalculation.
The plebeians were not merely others.
They were the legions, the assemblies, the execution environment, and co users of the republican OS.
When the Trust T of the plebeians collapsed, the whole state OS stopped working.
In fact, soldiers lost morale, and the legions and plebeians withdrew to the Sacred Mount.
As a result, the Decemvirate collapsed, and the tribunes, the right of appeal, and plebeian resolutions were strengthened.
The weakening of the plebeians that some patricians expected instead produced stronger plebeian protection institutions.
The modern lesson is clear.
When a department, field team, non regular employees, younger members, weaker members, customers, or business partners are treated unfairly, a Personal OS that sees the issue as unrelated or even convenient for its own side is dangerous.
This is because the decline of Trust T in one execution environment will eventually return as a decline in execution power of the whole OS.
The field becomes silent.
Younger members resign.
Customers leave.
Whistleblowing occurs.
Business partners stop cooperating.
At first, it may look like someone else’s problem.
In reality, it is a signal of collapse in the upper OS.
The conclusion of this study is as follows:
Tyranny is not established only because there is a tyrant. It is also established because there is a surrounding OS that tolerates tyranny as short term advantage for its own side. Some patricians were cold toward the tyranny of the second Decemvirate because their factionalized Personal OS misrecognized the decline of plebeian Trust T not as a crisis of the state OS, but as advantage for their own side. However, the decline of Trust T in the execution environment always returns as a reaction against the whole upper OS.
9. Sources
Titus Livius, History of Rome from its Foundation, Book 3. Japanese translation: Iwaya Satoshi, Roma kenkoku irai no rekishi 2, Kyoto University Press, 2008.
OS Organizational Design Theory R1.33.00.00.