A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 3
1. Research Question
Why could the anger of the plebeians not be restrained when powerful patricians joined together and acted unjustly?
This question examines the collapse of trust in Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book 3.
The main issue is the process from the despotism of the decemvirate to the abuse of power by Appius Claudius, the Verginia case, and the withdrawal to the Sacred Mount.
The problem was not only injustice itself.
If a weak individual commits injustice, the system may still correct that injustice.
However, if the people who commit injustice are powerful patricians, and if they hold command authority, judicial authority, influence over the Senate, military command, property, and social authority, the plebeians do not see the injustice as the deviation of one individual.
They see it as corruption of the patrician OS.
The wrongdoer is powerful.
The judge also belongs to the powerful side.
There is no circuit to stop the injustice.
There is no circuit to report the injustice.
Those who correct the injustice are removed.
Those who commit injustice gain profit.
Those who suffer injustice lose body, liberty, and property.
In this condition, the anger of the plebeians is no longer a simple emotion.
It becomes a defensive reaction by the execution environment after losing institutional rescue.
This article analyzes why the anger of the plebeians could not be restrained when powerful patricians joined together and acted unjustly. It focuses on the closure of the liberty protection circuit, the collapse of trust T, the reversal of the reward and punishment system H, and the withdrawal to the Sacred Mount as extra-institutional correction.
2. Abstract
When powerful patricians joined together and acted unjustly, the anger of the plebeians could not be restrained because the plebeians did not receive the injustice as the deviation of a few bad individuals.
They received it as evidence that the whole institution had been captured by the powerful side.
In Livy’s Book 3, the second decemvirate removes appeal, remains in office after its term, privatizes justice, and removes opponents.
The decemvirate was originally a temporary legislative body for making written laws.
However, in its second phase, it changed into a pseudo-royal authority through the suspension of appeal, remaining in office after the term, and privatization of justice.
Appius Claudius also appears as a dangerous actor who turns public authority into a device for private desire.
When a person without self-control holds office without appeal, the whole institution can become an extension of personal desire.
At that point, the plebeians can no longer expect institutional rescue.
The trial becomes not a rescue circuit, but an execution device of injustice.
Correction by the Senate is suppressed by intimidation.
Opponents inside the army are removed.
Injustice receives profit.
There is no appeal.
There are no tribunes.
Plebeian resolutions do not yet have enough binding force.
In this condition, anger cannot be restrained.
Plebeian anger becomes not a private emotion, but an OS reaction to the loss of the liberty protection circuit.
The conclusion of this article is as follows.
When powerful patricians joined together and acted unjustly, the anger of the plebeians could not be restrained because the institutions that should have stopped injustice appeared to be captured by the powerful side. For the plebeians, this was not merely one incident. It was decisive evidence of OS distrust: appeal, tribunes, trials, the Senate, and military command were controlled by a powerful alliance, and their liberty and bodies were no longer protected. For this reason, anger became impossible to restrain and moved toward extra-institutional correction, withdrawal to the Sacred Mount, and institutional redesign.
3. Research Method
This article uses Three-Layer Analysis.
Three-Layer Analysis divides historical material into three layers.
Layer 1 is Fact.
This layer organizes the events recorded by Livy: the transfer of power to the decemvirate, the suspension of appeal, the hardening of the second decemvirate, remaining in office after the term, intimidation of opponents inside the Senate, distrust inside the army, removal of opponents, privatization of justice by Appius, the Verginia case, withdrawal to the Sacred Mount, restoration of the tribunes and appeal, and strengthening of plebeian resolutions.
Layer 2 is Order.
This layer analyzes why injustice by the powerful side could no longer be contained inside institutions. It focuses on the closure of institutional correction circuits, removal of correctors, privatization of trials, reversal of the reward and punishment system H, and collapse of plebeian trust T.
Layer 3 is Insight.
This layer draws the insight that injustice by the powerful is most dangerous not only because injustice happens, but because the circuits that should correct injustice also seem to be held by the powerful.
This article also uses OS Organizational Design Theory, R1.34.00.00.
Five concepts are especially important.
The first is trust T. Trust T is the degree to which the governed side receives the judgment, institutions, rewards, policies, and rule of the OS as legitimate. When T declines, the governed side loses the reason to accept the rule of the OS.
The second is the liberty protection circuit. Appeal, tribunes, plebeian resolutions, and the legitimacy of trials are circuits that protect plebeians from injustice by the powerful.
The third is the reward and punishment system H. In principle, H strengthens correct behavior and restrains injustice. However, when wrongdoers receive rewards, H works in reverse.
The fourth is protection of correctors. If those who report or correct injustice are removed, institutional rescue closes.
The fifth is extra-institutional correction. When institutional rescue is lost, the plebeians correct the ruling OS by stopping participation, as in the withdrawal to the Sacred Mount.
4. Layer 1: Fact
In Livy’s Book 3, the process by which powerful patricians join together and make injustice impossible to correct is described step by step.
In sections 32 to 33, power is transferred to the decemvirate, and appeal no longer reaches the decisions of the decemvirs.
This means that the circuit protecting plebeians from public authority stops.
The decemvirate was originally a temporary body for making written laws.
However, because appeal and the tribunes were absent, the plebeian protection circuit became weak.
In section 36, the second decemvirate becomes oppressive.
In section 38, the decemvirs remain in office after their term.
This shows that temporary authority changes into permanent domination.
In sections 39 to 41, there are opposing opinions inside the Senate, but Appius suppresses discussion through intimidation.
Correctors existed.
However, correction did not work enough.
In section 42, the legions under the command of the decemvirs lose fighting spirit.
The soldiers become willing to accept defeat in order to damage the reputation of the decemvirs.
This shows that distrust in government appears as a decline in soldier trust T.
In section 43, opponents are removed on the battlefield.
When even correctors inside the army are removed, the plebeians and soldiers lose safety for institutional reporting and correction.
In sections 44 to 49, the Verginia case occurs.
Appius uses a claim that Verginia is a slave in order to obtain her.
This shows that a trial is no longer a rescue circuit. It becomes a device for executing the private desire of the powerful.
An incident about the free status of one daughter changes into a problem of liberty for the whole citizen body.
In sections 50 to 52, the army and the plebeians withdraw to the Sacred Mount.
This is the moment when the execution environment moves to extra-institutional correction after institutional rescue has been lost.
In section 53, the plebeians demand restoration of the tribunes, restoration of appeal, and immunity for those who withdrew.
This shows that anger is not merely anger. It becomes a condition for institutional reconnection.
In section 54, the resignation of the decemvirs and the election of tribunes are accepted.
In section 55, appeal, tribunician inviolability, and plebeian resolutions are strengthened.
This shows that plebeian anger is connected to the institutionalization of the liberty protection circuit.
In sections 56 to 57, the accusation of Appius and the issue of appeal are discussed.
This means that responsibility is pursued not as simple revenge, but through procedure.
In section 59, Duilius restrains further revenge.
As a result, plebeian anger does not become a revenge OS. It is connected to institutional recovery.
These facts show why plebeian anger could not be restrained.
It was not only because injustice had occurred.
It was because trials, appeal, tribunes, senatorial correction, military correction, and the reward and punishment system appeared to be captured by the powerful side.
5. Layer 2: Order
When powerful patricians join together and act unjustly, plebeian anger cannot be restrained because the circuits that should process injustice inside institutions are lost.
Injustice itself can be restrained if institutions operate properly.
However, when the powerful side commits injustice and also seems to hold the circuits that should stop injustice, the plebeians cannot believe in institutional rescue.
At this point, anger is not merely anger.
It becomes the final reaction of the execution environment after the loss of the liberty protection circuit.
5.1 Injustice Looks Like Corruption of the Upper OS Not Deviation by One Individual
The first structure is that injustice looks not like the deviation of one individual, but like corruption of the upper OS.
If a weak individual commits injustice, the institution can still stand on the side of justice.
However, when powerful patricians join together and act unjustly, the plebeians do not see it as an individual problem.
A patrician commits injustice.
Other patricians protect the injustice.
The Senate does not stop it.
The trial is distorted.
Opponents are removed.
Critics inside the army disappear.
At this moment, the plebeians cannot easily think that only a part of the patricians is bad.
Rather, they see the whole patrician OS as something that does not protect them and preserves injustice.
In sections 39 to 41, there are opposing opinions inside the Senate, but Appius suppresses the discussion through intimidation.
Correctors existed.
However, correction did not work enough.
This makes plebeian anger impossible to restrain.
5.2 The Institutional Circuit That Should Stop Injustice Is Closed
The second structure is that the institutional circuit that should stop injustice is closed.
In sections 32 to 33, power is transferred to the decemvirate, and appeal no longer reaches its decisions.
This means that the circuit protecting plebeians from public authority stops.
In this condition, a plebeian who suffers injustice asks the following questions.
Where can I appeal?
Who judges the judge?
Who stops the public official?
Who stops the injustice of the powerful?
There is no appeal.
There are no tribunes.
Plebeian resolutions do not yet bind enough.
The Senate is intimidated.
In this condition, anger cannot be restrained.
The reason is that the drainage channel that should receive anger inside institutions is closed.
When institutional rescue is closed, plebeian anger moves toward extra-institutional correction.
5.3 The Powerful Gain Profit from Injustice
The third structure is that the powerful appear to gain profit from injustice.
Livy describes a condition in which rewards were prepared for those who carried out brutal acts. They could receive the property of those whom they punished. Young patricians, blinded by gain, sacrificed the liberty of all.
This is important.
Here injustice is not simple runaway behavior.
Injustice has profit attached to it.
Someone is punished.
The property of that person is taken.
Profit appears.
Young patricians are attracted by that profit.
They choose license and gain over liberty.
In this structure, the plebeians feel the following.
The powerful gain when they commit injustice.
The weak lose property and liberty when they suffer injustice.
The institution is not a circuit of justice.
It is a profit circuit for the powerful.
In this case, anger cannot be restrained.
Injustice is not only unpunished.
Injustice is rewarded.
In OS Organizational Design Theory, this is a collapse of the reward and punishment system H.
The reward and punishment system H should strengthen correct behavior and restrain injustice.
However, when wrongdoers receive rewards, H works in the opposite direction.
At that point, the plebeians cannot trust the OS.
5.4 Trials Follow the Private Desire of the Powerful Not Truth
The fourth structure is that trials follow the private desire of the powerful, not truth.
The Verginia case is the clearest example.
In section 44, Appius uses a claim that Verginia is a slave in order to obtain her.
What the plebeians saw here was not merely an unjust trial.
The judge is a powerful official.
The powerful official is also the party with desire.
Legal form is used for private desire.
Free status is denied.
Family protection collapses.
There is no appeal.
At this moment, trial is no longer a rescue circuit.
The trial itself becomes the execution device of injustice.
When the trial becomes the execution device of injustice, plebeian anger cannot be restrained.
The reason is simple.
The institution that should process anger becomes the cause of anger.
5.5 Those Who Report or Correct Injustice Are Removed
The fifth structure is that those who report or correct injustice are removed.
In section 43, the decemvirs remove opponents even on the battlefield. This increases anger and distrust inside the army.
This is not merely a military incident.
A person who criticizes injustice is removed.
Correctors inside the army are eliminated.
Correct information does not rise.
Distrust toward command increases.
Soldier trust T declines.
The danger is not only injustice itself.
The greater danger is that those who report injustice are not protected.
When correctors are removed, the plebeians feel the following.
If we speak, we will be removed.
If we report, we will not be protected.
Reporting becomes dangerous.
Seeking justice inside the institution creates loss.
In this condition, anger is not restrained.
Rather, it accumulates under silence and explodes later.
In section 42, soldiers are willing to accept defeat in order to damage the reputation of the decemvirs.
This is an example of anger appearing as decline in fighting spirit.
5.6 The Alliance of the Powerful Makes the Plebeians Feel Isolated
The sixth structure is that the alliance of the powerful makes the plebeians feel isolated.
If one powerful person commits injustice, and other powerful people stop him, the plebeians can still trust the state OS.
However, when several powerful actors seem to be connected, the plebeians lose their place of rescue.
The decemvirate becomes oppressive.
It remains in office after the term.
Opponents inside the Senate are intimidated.
Opponents inside the army are removed.
Justice is privatized.
Young patricians are blinded by gain.
In this condition, the plebeians lose the answer to the question: who can we rely on?
There are no tribunes.
There is no appeal.
The Senate cannot stop it.
Critics inside the army are removed.
Trials follow private desire.
At this point, plebeian anger cannot be restrained inside institutions.
The reason is that, from the plebeian side, the whole institution seems to stand with the powerful alliance.
5.7 Anger Changes from Personal Emotion into Defense of Communal Liberty
The seventh structure is that injustice by the powerful alliance changes personal harm into a problem of communal liberty.
In the Verginia case, the first issue is the free status of one daughter.
However, it quickly changes into a problem of liberty for all citizens.
Plebeian anger is not only sympathy for Verginia.
Today, she is taken.
Tomorrow, my daughter may be taken.
Today, her liberty is denied.
Tomorrow, my liberty may be denied.
Today, the court follows private desire.
Tomorrow, no one may be protected by law.
At this moment, anger changes from emotion into defense of liberty.
Anger that has become defense of liberty cannot be easily restrained.
The reason is that it is no longer a private complaint.
It becomes a reaction to protect the survival value V of the community.
6. Layer 3: Insight
When powerful patricians join together and act unjustly, plebeian anger cannot be restrained because the plebeians receive that injustice not as the deviation of a few individuals, but as proof that the whole institution has been captured by the powerful.
The trial that should stop injustice follows the private desire of the powerful.
The Senate that should stop injustice is intimidated.
The appeal that should stop injustice is suspended.
Those who report injustice are removed.
Those who commit injustice receive profit.
Those who suffer injustice lose body, liberty, and property.
In this condition, the plebeians lose the reason to remain inside institutions.
Plebeian anger becomes not simple anger, but an OS reaction to the loss of the liberty protection circuit.
Therefore, explanation or calming is not enough to restrain anger.
What is needed is redesign of the institution.
The alliance of the powerful must be broken.
Appeal must be restored.
Tribunes must be restored.
Plebeian resolutions must be strengthened.
Trials must regain legitimacy.
Correctors must be protected.
The reward and punishment system H must be repaired.
6.1 Powerful Alliance Injustice Model
The structure in which powerful patricians join together and act unjustly can be modeled as follows.
Powerful alliance injustice
= concentration of authority
× suspension of appeal
× absence of tribunes
× failure of senatorial correction
× privatization of trials
× removal of correctors
× reward for injustice
The core of this model is that the powerful side does not only commit injustice.
It also holds the circuits that should stop injustice.
6.2 Plebeian Anger Impossible to Restrain Model
The structure in which plebeian anger becomes impossible to restrain can be organized as follows.
Plebeian anger impossible to restrain
= harm from injustice
× impossibility of institutional rescue
× perception of powerful alliance
× removal of correctors
× danger to body and liberty
× decline of plebeian trust T
× collective organization
In this model, anger is not mere anger.
It is the defensive reaction of the execution environment when institutional rescue has been lost.
6.3 Reversal of Reward and Punishment System H Model
The anger caused by injustice by the powerful becomes impossible to restrain because the reward and punishment system H is reversed.
Reversal of reward and punishment system H
= unjust act
× acquisition of the property of the punished person
× profit for young patricians
× danger to those who report injustice
× disadvantage for just action
× collapse of plebeian trust T
In principle, the reward and punishment system restrains injustice.
However, when wrongdoers receive profit, the system becomes a device that promotes injustice.
At that point, the plebeians cannot trust the OS.
6.4 Closure of Liberty Protection Circuit Model
The closure of the liberty protection circuit can be organized as follows.
Closure of liberty protection circuit
= inability to appeal
× absence of tribunes
× weak binding force of plebeian resolutions
× silence of the Senate
× privatization of trials
× removal of correctors inside the army
When the liberty protection circuit closes, the plebeians cannot send anger into institutions.
As a result, they move toward extra-institutional correction, such as withdrawal to the Sacred Mount.
6.5 Extra-Institutional Correction Model
Extra-institutional correction operates as follows.
Extra-institutional correction
= decline of plebeian trust T
× remaining capacity M
× support of the army
× hollowing out of the city
× withdrawal to the Sacred Mount
× presentation of reconnection conditions
This is not a simple explosion of anger.
It is the final correction by the execution environment after institutional correction has been lost.
6.6 Operating Model
The operating model of this case can be organized into seven stages.
The first stage is concentration of authority in the temporary institution.
Concentration of authority
= absence of consuls
× absence of tribunes
× suspension of appeal
× expectation for written law
× transfer of authority to the decemvirate
The decemvirate was originally a temporary institution for making written laws.
However, because appeal and the tribunes were stopped, the plebeian protection circuit became weak.
The second stage is despotization of the temporary OS.
Despotization of temporary OS
= second decemvirate
× no appeal
× no tribunes
× display of rods and axes
× remaining in office after the term
× failure of senatorial correction
In section 38, the decemvirs do not give up power after the end of their term, and the Sabines and Aequi take advantage of Roman disorder.
At this stage, the plebeians lose the ordinary circuit that should stop injustice.
The third stage is profitization of injustice.
Profitization of injustice
= punitive authority of the powerful
× acquisition of the property of the punished person
× license of young patricians
× sacrifice of the liberty of all
× reversal of reward and punishment system H
Livy describes a condition in which those who carried out brutal acts received rewards and could receive the property of those whom they punished.
This means that the institution is no longer restraining injustice.
It is inducing injustice.
The fourth stage is removal of correctors.
Removal of correctors
= intimidation of senatorial opponents
× removal of critics inside the army
× blocking of information routes
× increase in reporting risk
× decline of plebeian trust T
In section 43, the decemvirs remove opponents even on the battlefield and increase anger and distrust inside the army.
At this stage, the plebeians lose the safety of institutional reporting.
The fifth stage is visualization of bodily and liberty violation.
Visualization of bodily and liberty violation
= private desire of Appius
× false claim of slavery
× abuse of legal form
× defense of family
× anger of the crowd
In section 44, Appius uses a claim that Verginia is a slave in order to obtain her.
Here institutional distrust becomes visible through a personal incident.
The sixth stage is collapse of soldier trust T and plebeian trust T.
Collapse of soldier trust T and plebeian trust T
= resentment toward the decemvirs
× decline of fighting spirit
× acceptance of defeat
× anger inside the army
× anger inside the city
× separation of the execution environment
In section 42, soldiers are willing to accept defeat in order to damage the reputation of the decemvirs.
This shows that anger spreads even into the military execution environment.
The seventh stage is withdrawal to the Sacred Mount and institutional redesign.
Withdrawal to the Sacred Mount and institutional redesign
= decline of plebeian trust T
× support of the army
× withdrawal to the Sacred Mount
× demand for restoration of tribunes
× demand for restoration of appeal
× strengthening of plebeian resolutions
In section 54, the Senate accepts the resignation of the decemvirs, election of tribunes, and immunity for those who withdrew. The decemvirs resign.
In section 55, the Valerio-Horatian Laws strengthen the binding force of plebeian resolutions, appeal, and tribunician inviolability.
In this way, anger that could not be restrained finally moves toward institutional redesign.
6.7 Causal Chain
The causal chain of this case can be organized as follows.
Authority is concentrated in the decemvirate for the making of written law
→ ordinary circuits such as consuls and tribunes stop
→ appeal no longer reaches the decemvirs
→ the second decemvirate becomes oppressive
→ the decemvirs remain in office after their term
→ opponents inside the Senate are intimidated
→ the correction circuit that should stop injustice closes
→ young patricians appear to gain profit from injustice
→ opponents are removed even inside the army
→ soldier trust T declines and fighting spirit is lost
→ Appius uses justice for private desire and the Verginia case occurs
→ body family and liberty of an individual are endangered
→ plebeian anger changes from personal emotion into defense of communal liberty
→ the army and the plebeians withdraw to the Sacred Mount
→ the plebeians demand restoration of tribunes appeal and immunity
→ the decemvirs resign
→ the tribunes are restored
→ appeal tribunician inviolability and plebeian resolutions are strengthened
→ Appius is accused
→ Duilius restrains further revenge
→ anger is converted into institutional redesign instead of revenge
This causal chain shows that plebeian anger was not a sudden passion.
It was a structural reaction to the destruction of the liberty protection circuit by powerful alliance injustice.
6.8 Final Insight
The final insight is as follows.
When powerful patricians join together and act unjustly, plebeian anger cannot be restrained because the plebeians receive that injustice not as the deviation of a few individuals, but as proof that the whole institution has been captured by the powerful.
The trial that should stop injustice follows the private desire of the powerful.
The Senate that should stop injustice is intimidated.
The appeal that should stop injustice is suspended.
Those who report injustice are removed.
Those who commit injustice receive profit.
Those who suffer injustice lose body, liberty, and property.
In this condition, the plebeians lose the reason to remain inside institutions.
Plebeian anger becomes not simple anger, but an OS reaction to the loss of the liberty protection circuit.
Therefore, explanation or calming is not enough to restrain anger.
What is needed is redesign of the institution.
The alliance of the powerful must be broken.
Appeal must be restored.
Tribunes must be restored.
Plebeian resolutions must be strengthened.
Trials must regain legitimacy.
Correctors must be protected.
The reward and punishment system H must be repaired.
The preserved proposition of this case is as follows.
When people in a powerful position join together and act unjustly, the anger of the governed side cannot be restrained. The reason is that the problem is not only injustice itself. The courts, audits, appeal circuits, representative circuits, and reward and punishment systems that should stop injustice appear to be captured by the powerful side. A healthy OS is not an OS where injustice never occurs. It is an OS that can stop injustice by the powerful inside institutions, protect correctors, and maintain circuits through which the governed side can still believe that institutional rescue is possible.
7. Implications for the Present
This case is also important for thinking about compliance, whistleblowing, abuse of authority, evaluation systems, and harassment response in modern organizations.
In modern organizations, anger from the field becomes impossible to restrain not only because injustice occurs.
It becomes impossible to restrain when the systems that should stop injustice appear to be held by the powerful side.
7.1 Anger Is Directed Not Only at the Wrongdoer but at the Whole OS That Protects the Wrongdoer
In modern organizations, the following situations can occur.
Managers protect one another.
Executives hide wrongdoing.
Human resources stands with the offender.
Audits do not function.
Whistleblowers are removed.
The evaluation system is privatized.
Wrongdoers are promoted.
Victims are silenced.
In such cases, anger from the field is not directed only at the individual wrongdoer.
It is directed at the whole OS that protects the wrongdoing.
The reason is that, from the field side, the whole institution appears to stand with the powerful side.
7.2 If Whistleblowers Are Not Protected Anger Accumulates under Silence
The greater danger is not only the injustice itself.
The greater danger is that those who report injustice are not protected.
If we speak, we will be removed.
If we report, we will not be protected.
We may suffer disadvantage.
Seeking justice inside the institution creates loss.
In this condition, the field may stay silent on the surface.
However, trust T continues to decline.
At some point, it appears as resignation, internal collapse, external reporting, lawsuit, public scandal, or decline in cooperation.
7.3 When the Reward and Punishment System Is Reversed the Organization Loses Trust
In a healthy organization, correct action is evaluated, and injustice is punished.
However, when the reward and punishment system is reversed, the field cannot trust the organization.
A wrongdoer is promoted.
A person who hides injustice is protected.
A whistleblower is treated badly.
A person who says the right thing is removed.
A victim is transferred.
An offender remains.
In this condition, the institution is not a device of justice.
It becomes a device that promotes injustice.
As a result, field trust T collapses.
7.4 To Restrain Anger Explanation Is Not Enough Institutional Redesign Is Needed
When powerful alliance injustice occurs, the upper layer cannot restrain anger only by explanation.
Institutional redesign is necessary.
Make the circuit that judges injustice independent.
Protect whistleblowers.
Make evaluation systems transparent.
Separate investigation authority from the powerful side.
Clearly prohibit retaliation.
Protect correctors.
Design the system so that injustice does not produce profit.
Rescue victims inside institutions.
Without these structures, anger does not return to the inside of the institution.
7.5 A Healthy OS Is Not an OS without Injustice but an OS That Can Stop Injustice
No organization can guarantee that injustice will never occur.
The important point is whether the organization can stop injustice inside institutions when it occurs.
Who judges it?
Who audits it?
Who receives appeals?
Who protects whistleblowers?
Who punishes offenders?
Who rescues victims?
Who restores the reward and punishment system?
If these circuits function, anger remains inside institutions.
However, if these circuits appear to be captured by the powerful side, anger moves outside institutions.
7.6 Preserved Proposition for Modern Organizations
The preserved proposition for modern organizations is as follows.
When people in a powerful position join together and act unjustly, anger from the field cannot be restrained. The reason is that the problem is not only injustice itself. The courts, audits, internal reporting systems, evaluation systems, representative circuits, and reward and punishment systems that should stop injustice appear to be captured by the powerful side. A healthy OS is not an OS where injustice never occurs. It is an OS that can stop injustice by the powerful inside institutions, protect correctors, and maintain circuits through which the field can still believe that institutional rescue is possible.
8. Conclusion
The reason why the anger of the plebeians could not be restrained when powerful patricians joined together and acted unjustly should not be read as a simple emotional problem.
The plebeians did not suddenly become angry.
Their anger was a structural reaction to the loss of institutional rescue.
The wrongdoer holds judicial authority.
The wrongdoer holds command authority.
The wrongdoer receives reward.
The Senate that should stop injustice is intimidated.
The soldier who criticizes injustice is removed.
The plebeian who suffers injustice cannot appeal.
There are no tribunes to report the injustice.
In this condition, the plebeians cannot trust the state OS.
Therefore, anger cannot be restrained.
Rather, if the upper side tries only to suppress anger, plebeian trust T declines even more.
The decline of fighting spirit in section 42, the removal of opponents in section 43, the Verginia case in sections 44 to 49, and the withdrawal to the Sacred Mount in sections 50 to 52 are all outputs of the same structure.
Powerful alliance injustice destroyed institutional rescue. Therefore, the plebeians moved toward extra-institutional correction.
The conclusion of this article can be summarized in one sentence.
When powerful patricians joined together and acted unjustly, the anger of the plebeians could not be restrained because the institutions that should have stopped injustice appeared to be captured by the powerful side. For the plebeians, this was not merely one incident. It was decisive evidence of OS distrust: appeal, tribunes, trials, the Senate, and military command were controlled by a powerful alliance, and their liberty and bodies were no longer protected. For this reason, anger became impossible to restrain and moved toward extra-institutional correction, withdrawal to the Sacred Mount, and institutional redesign.
9. Sources
Livy, History of Rome from its Foundation, Book 3.
Japanese translation used as base text: Titus Livius, History of Rome from its Foundation 2, translated by Satoshi Iwatani, Kyoto University Press, 2008.
OS Organizational Design Theory, R1.34.00.00.