Research Case: Why did the Roman envoys fail as a diplomatic interface in their contact with the Gauls?

A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 5 1. Question Why did the Roman envoys fail as a diplomatic interface in their contact with the Gauls? This question is not simply about why the envoys acted rashly. Rather, it asks why the envoys, who should have helped Rome avoid war, failed to … Read more

Research Case: Why did Rome choose to send envoys instead of military reinforcements in the crisis at Clusium?

A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 5 1. Question Why did Rome choose to send envoys instead of military reinforcements in the crisis at Clusium? This question is not simply about why Rome did not send an army. Rather, it asks why Rome did not treat the Clusium crisis as an … Read more

Research Case: Why did Rome fail to take the warning signs of the Gallic invasion seriously?

A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 5 1. Question Why did Rome fail to take the warning signs of the Gallic invasion seriously? This question is not simply about whether the Romans believed in omens. Rather, it asks why Rome received warning signs as abnormal signals but could not convert them … Read more