Organizational Design

Research Case: Why Could the Tribunes of the Plebs Restrain a Dictator Who Used Emergency Power beyond Its Original Purpose?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question In Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book VII, Lucius Manlius was appointed dictator for a limited religious purpose: to perform the nail driving ritual during a plague. However, after completing the ritual, Manlius moved beyond that mission. He began preparing … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the Authority Granted for the Nail Driving Ritual Expand into Recruitment and War?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question In Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book VII, Rome suffered from a continuing plague. After earlier religious measures failed to end the crisis, the Senate recalled an old precedent and appointed Lucius Manlius as dictator for a specific purpose: to … Read more

Research Case: Why Did Rome Use the Dictatorship for Different Crises Such as Plague, War, Elections, and Military Revolt?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question In Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book VII, Rome used the dictatorship in very different kinds of crises. These included: At first sight, these crises seem unrelated. A plague is a crisis of life, religion, and public anxiety. War is … Read more

Research Case: Why Did Emergency Power Become Both a Tool for Saving the State and a Tool for Political Exclusion?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question In Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book VII, the dictatorship appears repeatedly. It was used in several different situations: In some cases, concentrated emergency authority helped Rome respond quickly and successfully. Against the Gauls and the Aurunci, for example, the … Read more

Research Case: What Was Required beyond Opening Public Office for Office Sharing to Become Real Sharing of Governing Authority?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question In Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book VII, Lucius Sextius, a plebeian, became consul. This meant that access to one of the highest offices of the Roman Republic was formally opened to plebeians. However, formal access to the consulship did … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the Plebeians Need Access Not Only to the Consulship but Also to the Dictatorship and Censorship?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question In Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book VII, plebeians finally gained access to the consulship. Lucius Sextius became consul, and one of the highest magistracies of the Roman Republic was no longer reserved only for patricians. However, plebeian political expansion … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the Patricians Secure the Praetorship and Curule Aedileship in Exchange for Accepting a Plebeian Consul?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question At the beginning of Livy’s Book VII, Lucius Sextius, a plebeian, entered the consulship. This was a major change in the political structure of the Roman Republic. One of Rome’s highest offices was no longer controlled only by the patricians. However, the … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the Sharing of Public Office Begin a New Struggle over Governing Authority Instead of Ending the Conflict between Patricians and Plebeians?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question At the beginning of Livy’s Book VII, an important political change took place in the Roman Republic. Lucius Sextius, a plebeian, became consul. One of the highest offices of the Republic was no longer reserved only for patricians. At first sight, this … Read more

Research Case: How Did Rome Survive Political Conflict, Debt Crisis, Alliance Expansion, and Military Mutiny and Still Build the Capacity for Larger Wars?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question Livy’s Book VII does not describe a stable Roman Republic. Rome faced political conflict between the nobles and the common people over access to the highest magistracies. The common people also suffered from serious debt. At the same time, Rome expanded its … Read more

Research Case: Why is Rome’s recovery after the Gallic Disaster described not as simple urban reconstruction, but as the “second origin” of the Republican OS?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 6 1. Question Why is Rome’s recovery after the Gallic Disaster described not as simple urban reconstruction, but as the “second origin” of the Republican OS? This question is important for reading Book 6 of Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation. After the Gallic … Read more