Governance

Research Case: What Was Required beyond Opening Public Office for Office Sharing to Become Real Sharing of Governing Authority?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question In Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book VII, Lucius Sextius, a plebeian, became consul. This meant that access to one of the highest offices of the Roman Republic was formally opened to plebeians. However, formal access to the consulship did … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the Plebeians Need Access Not Only to the Consulship but Also to the Dictatorship and Censorship?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question In Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book VII, plebeians finally gained access to the consulship. Lucius Sextius became consul, and one of the highest magistracies of the Roman Republic was no longer reserved only for patricians. However, plebeian political expansion … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the Patricians Continue to Obstruct Plebeian Consuls and Their Elections Even after the First Plebeian Consul Appeared?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question In Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Book VII, Lucius Sextius became consul as a plebeian. This was the moment when the political reform associated with the Licinian Sextian laws was no longer only a legal demand. It became an actual … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the Sharing of Public Office Begin a New Struggle over Governing Authority Instead of Ending the Conflict between Patricians and Plebeians?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 7 1. Question At the beginning of Livy’s Book VII, an important political change took place in the Roman Republic. Lucius Sextius, a plebeian, became consul. One of the highest offices of the Republic was no longer reserved only for patricians. At first sight, this … Read more

Research Case: Why Was the Emergency Dictatorship Both a Temporary Kernel That Saved the State and a Dangerous Device That Carried the Risk of Kingship?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 4 1. Question Why was the emergency dictatorship both a temporary kernel that saved the state and a dangerous device that carried the risk of kingship? The Roman Republic in Book 4 of Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation is not a simple state … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the System of Military Tribunes with Consular Power Not Immediately Produce Real Transfer of Power, Even Though It Was a Compromise for Opening Public Office?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 4 1. Question Why did the system of military tribunes with consular power not immediately produce real transfer of power, even though it was a compromise for opening public office? In Book 4 of Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, the common people demand … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the Veto of the Tribune of the Plebs Become Both a Protection Device for the Common People and an Input Blocking Device That Could Stop the State OS?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 4 1. Question Why did the veto of the tribune of the plebs become both a protection device for the common people and an input blocking device that could stop the state OS? In Book 4 of Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, the … Read more

Research Case: Why Did Class Boundary, Intermarriage, and Religious Legitimacy Become the Question of Who Could Participate in the Roman OS?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 4 1. Question Why did class boundary, intermarriage, and religious legitimacy become the question of who could participate in the Roman OS? At the beginning of Book 4 of Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation, Rome faces a conflict over intermarriage between nobles and … Read more

Research Case: Why Did the Roman Republic Avoid Collapse by Adding Institutions, Adjusting Power, and Self Correcting Its State OS?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 4 1. Question Why did the Roman Republic avoid collapse, even though it faced internal division, external threats, and social crises, by adding institutions, adjusting power, and self correcting its state OS? Rome in Book 4 of Livy’s History of Rome from its Foundation is … Read more

Research Case: Why Does the Public Distribution of Honor Shape Citizen Behavior Beyond Monetary Rewards?

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A Three-Layer Analysis (TLA) of Livy, History of Rome, Book 2 1. Question Why does the public distribution of honor have the power to shape citizen behavior beyond monetary rewards? Livy’s History of Rome, Book II describes how Rome expelled the kings, established the Republic, and fought against external enemies and royal restoration forces in … Read more